Favoritos de karl_feng

This tiny plant is a Heavenly Bamboo that was put in about three years ago. It has not really grown at all since then.

The plant is very stunted, the new foliage is very dark red, and the leaves are extremely narrow and somewhat downward pointing.

The plant has never flowered or fruited.

当地俗称：紫蘑菇

2016 色钉菇（Chroogomphus rutilus）形态学和ITS测序鉴定
http://www.doc88.com/p-2157622094949.html

ＩＴＳ测序及系统发育树分析表明，色钉菇（C. rutilus）与 东方色钉菇（ C. orientirutilus）、紫色钉菇（C. purpurascens）、变 色色钉菇（C. vinicolor）和易混色钉菇（C. confusus）亲缘关系 较近，而与Gomphidius glutinosus、G. roseus、G. subroseus亲缘 关系较远。但是C. orientirutilus菌盖亮红色、血红色，且囊状 体具有块状结晶［１５］，而 C. rutilus菌盖紫红、咖啡红色，囊状 体壁光滑；C. purpurascens菌盖紫色或深紫色，菌柄橘黄色， 而 C. rutilus菌盖偏红色，具有紫色色调，菌柄色同菌盖，仅基 部亮黄色；变色色钉菇（C. vinicolor）菌盖表面不黏，有时具细小绒毛，且囊状体壁厚，最宽处可达 ５～７．５μｍ［２，１６－１７］，而 Ｃ． ｒｕｔｉｌｕｓ菌盖湿时很黏，光滑，囊状体壁很薄；易混色钉菇（Ｃ． ｃｏｎｆｕｓｕｓ）菌盖较小，为 １～４ｃｍ，黄棕色、橘色具有红色色调， 且囊状体具，结晶。而且东方色钉菇（Ｃ．ｏｒｉｅｎｔｉｒｕｔｉｌｕｓ）、变色 色钉菇（Ｃ．ｖｉｎｉｃｏｌｏｒ）、易混色钉菇（Ｃ．ｃｏｎｆｕｓｕｓ）生长于在我 国西南部，只有紫色钉菇（Ｃ．ｐｕｒｐｕｒａｓｃｅｎｓ）生于我国东北部， 色钉菇（Ｃ．ｒｕｔｉｌｕｓ）全国都有分布。铆钉菇属（Ｇｏｍｐｈｉｄｉｕｓ）和 色钉菇属（Ｃｈｒｏｏｇｏｍｐｈｕｓ）同属于铆钉菇科（Ｇｏｍｐｈｉｄｉａｃｅａｅ）， 亲缘关系较近，外形特征极其相似，很难区分，二者主要的区 别是钉菇属（Ｃｈｒｏｏｇｏｍｐｈｕｓ）菌肉往往黄色或橙色，菌丝组织 在 Ｍｅｌｚｅｒ’ｓ试剂中变蓝，而铆钉菇属（Ｇｏｍｐｈｉｄｉｕｓ）主要的区 别特征是菌褶幼时有菌幕，菌盖边缘往往有菌幕残留物，有时 会脱落，组织非淀粉质［１，２，１０］，有时这些特征不太明显，给鉴定 带来一定困难。ＩＴＳ以其简便易操作、变异度丰富等特点，在 真菌种及相似种的鉴定中起着很重要的作用，但由于该区片 段有限，携带信息较少，在鉴定过程中存在一定的误区，将二 者相结合，可使鉴定更加准确、全面。

2009 Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of Chroogomphus species as inferred from molecular and morphological data

Notes: Chroogomphus rutilus, originally described by Schaeffer (1774) based on materials from Bavaria, Germany, is a name widely used in European mycological literature. There was no problem with its application in central Europe. However, with the development of molecular phylogeny, it is turned out that there are more than one species of this complex in Europe. To understand the species concept of C. rutilus, it would be ideal to study the type or authentic materials, even only morphologically. Unfortunately, the type (and additional mate-rials) of C. rutilus studied by Schaeffer could not be traced (Singer, 1949). Our collections HKAS 55294 made from the Czech Republic, HMJAU 4665 from far eastern Russia, and HMJAU 1197 and HMJAU 3681 from northeastern China, generally have similar morphological characters of C. rutilus as provi-ded in modern descriptions (e.g. Horak, 1968, 2005; Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1991; Villar-real and Heykoop, 1996). Our phylogenetic study showed that these four collections possess almost the same ITS sequences as the Swiss collection of C. rutilus, VPI-OKM 24401, does (Fig. 1). Chroogomphus rutilus is charac-terized by a vinaceous to vinaceous brown or ochraceous-buff to vinaceous red, mostly dis-tinctly umbonate pileus, a yellow to orange yellow stipe base with a cream to buff or yellow mycelium attached to it, which is not pink when dried.
The sequences UDB001529, UDB001530 and AF205639 labeled as “C. rutilus” were
based on materials from Finland and UK, which might be C. britannicus A.Z.M. Khan & Hora (1978), a species originally described from Britain but regarded as a synonym of C. rutilus by Miller (2003) without any com-ments or molecular evidence. According to Khan and Hora (1978), C. britannicus, also growing under trees of Pinus sylvestris, differs from C. rutilus by its yellowish orange or ochraceous orange pileus and stipe, broader spores (up to 8 μm) and thin-walled cystidia.

Notes: Chroogomphus orientirutilus is characterized by its red to blood red or brow-nish red to grayish red, often only slightly umbonate pileus, whitish to salmon mycelium on the base of the stipe, a viscid pileipellis with non-amyloid hyphae, slightly thick-walled cystidia and an association with P. yunnanensis, a 3-needle pine of subgen. Pinus. This taxon was regarded as C. rutilus by some Chinese mycologists (Wang et al., 1999; Wang et al., 2004; Yu and Liu, 2005). Phylogenetically, C. orientirutilus is in-deed clustered with C. rutilus and C. purpuras-cens with a strong bootstrap support (bootstrap value 90%). However, C. rutilus has a vina-ceous to vinaceous brown or ochraceous-buff to vinaceous red and mostly distinctly umbonate pileus, a cream to buff or yellow mycelium on the base of the stipe (Singer, 1949; Miller, 1964; Singer and Kuthan, 1976; Gerhardt, 1984; Breitenbach and Kränzlin, 1991; Villarreal and Heykoop, 1996; Horak, 1968, 2005; also see our brief description of C. rutilus below). Chroogomphus purpurascens has a gray to leaden gray then purple to dark purple pileus, a salmon-ochraceous stipe, salmon to purple pink mycelium on the base of the stipe and thin-walled cystidia (Vassiljeva, 1950, 1973; Azbukina, 1990; also see our brief description of C. purpurascens below).

Pileus often distinctly umbonate, ochraceous, vinaceous to vinaceous brown or ochraceous-buff to vinaceous red; mycelium on stipe base cream to yellowish; cystidia relatively wide, 118–170 × 16–23 μm; temperate ——C. rutilus

Pileus slightly umbonate, red to blood red or brownish red to grayish red; mycelium on the base of the stipe whitish to salmon; cystidia narrow, 100–225 × 11–20 μm; subtropical ——C. orientirutilus